The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.

1. Server-based network: provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
2. Peer-to-peer network: computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.

1. Server-based network: provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
2. Peer-to-peer network: computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.

1. Server-based network: provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
2. Peer-to-peer network: computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.

1. BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
   Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
2. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
   Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
3. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

1. BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
   Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
2. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
   Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
3. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

1. BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
   Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
2. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
   Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
3. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

1. BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
   Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
2. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
   Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
3. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.