1. Concept of Percentage: By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
    To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% =x.
    100
        Thus, 20% =20=1.
    1005
    To expressaas a percent: We have,a=ax 100%.
    bbb
        Thus,1=1x 100%= 25%.
    44
  2. Percentage Increase/Decrease: If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is:

     

    Rx 100%
    (100 + R)
    If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is:

     

    Rx 100%
    (100 - R)
  3. Results on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
    1. Population after n years = P1 +Rn
    100
    2. Population n years ago =P
    1 +Rn
    100
  4. Results on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:
    1. Value of the machine after n years = P1 -Rn
    100
    2. Value of the machine n years ago =P
    1 -Rn
    100
    3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A byRx 100%.
    (100 + R)
    4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A byRx 100%.
    (100 - R)

Percentage: Formulas and Tricks with Examples

 
 

Percentage is a way of expressing a number, especially a ratio, as a fraction of 100. The word is derived from the Latin per centum meaning ‘by the hundred’. It is often denoted using the percent sign, ‘%’, or the abbreviation ‘pct.’ For example, 35% (read as ‘thirty-five percent’) is equal to 35/100, or 0.35.

 

Quicker Methods to Solve the Problems

For converting a fraction or a decimal to a Percentage, multiply it by hundred

Example 1: Convert the fraction 3/5 into percent fraction.

Solution: percentage-f-19095.png% = 60%


Example 2: Convert the fraction 3.5/100 into percent fraction

Solution: percentage-f-19107.png% = 3.5%

 

For converting a percentage to a fraction or decimal, divide by hundred.

Example 3: What is the fraction of 60%?

Solution: percentage-f-19116.png

If price of a commodity is increased by x%, the consumption should be reduced, so that the expense remains the same, by

percentage-f-19122.png× 100%.

Example 4: If the price of sugar is increased by 25%, find how much percent a family must reduce their consumption of sugar so as not to increase the expenditure of the family?

Solution: Reduction in consumption of sugar

percentage-f-19128.png% = 20%

If A is x % greater than B, then B will be percentage-f-19134.png% lesser than A.

Example 5: If the price of Kerosene oil falls by 10%, find how much perecent can a householder increase its consumption, so as not to decrease expenditure on this item?

Solution: Increase in consumption of Kerosene oil

percentage-f-19171.png

= percentage-f-19179.png% = 11.11%

If price of a commodity is decreased by x %, the consumption can be increased, so that the expense remains the same, by

percentage-f-19185.png%

Example 6: If Ravi’s salary is 50% more than that of Gopal’s, then how much percent is Gopal’s salary less than that of Ravi’s salary?

Solution: Gopal’s salary is less than that of Ravi’s by

= percentage-f-19191.png% = percentage-f-19203.png%

If A is x % greater than B, then B will be percentage-f-19214.png% lesser than A.

Example 7: If income of Rekha is 30% less than that of Vina, then how much percent is Vina’s income more than that of Rekha?

Solution: Vina’s income is more than that of Rekha by

= percentage-f-19223.png%

percentage-f-19231.png% percentage-f-19238.png%

  
 

Population Formula

If the original population of a town is P, and the annual increase is r %, then the population after n years is percentage-f-19247.pngand population before n years = percentage-f-19253.png

If the annual decrease be r %, then the population after n years is percentage-f-19264.png and population before n years = percentage-f-19273.png

Example 8: The population of a certain town increased at a certain rate per cent per annum. Now it is 456976. Four years ago, it was 390625. What will it be 2 years hence?

Solution: Suppose the population increases at r% per annum.

Then, percentage-f-19279.png= 456976

? percentage-f-19285.png

Population 2 years hence = 456976percentage-f-19299.png

= 456976 ×percentage-f-19305.png = 494265 approximately.

First Increase and then decrease

If the value is first increased by x % and then decreased by y% then there is percentage-f-19311.png increase or decrease, according to the +ve or –ve sign respectively.

Example 9: A number is increased by 10%. and then it is decreased by 10%. Find the net increase or decrease per cent.

Solution: % change = percentage-f-19317.png

i.e., 1% decrease.


Average percentage rate of change over a period.

= percentage-f-19328.png × percentage-f-19338.png% [where n = period]

The percentage error = percentage-f-19349.png× 100%

Successive Increase or decrease

If the value is increased successively by x % and y % then the final increase is given by percentage-f-19358.png

If the value is decreased successively by x % and y % then the final decrease is given by percentage-f-19364.png

Example 10: The price of a car is decreased by 10 % and 20 % in two successive years. What per cent of price of a car is decreased after two years?

Solution: Put x = – 10 and y = – 20, then

percentage-f-19370.png= – 28%

? The price of the car decreases by 28%.

Student and Marks

The percentage of passing marks in an examination is x%. If a candidate who scores y marks fails by z marks, then the maximum marks

M = percentage-f-19376.png

A candidate scoring x % in an examination fails by ‘a’ marks, while another candidate who scores y% marks gets ‘b’ marks more than the minimum required passing marks. Then the maximum marks

percentage-f-19395.png.

Example 11: Vishal requires 40% to pass. If he gets 185 marks, falls short by 15 marks, what was the maximum he could have got?

Solution: If Vishal has 15 marks more, he could have scored 40% marks.

Now, 15 marks more than 185 is 185 + 15 = 200

Let the maximum marks be x, then 40% of x = 200

or percentage-f-19403.png

or percentage-f-19409.png

Thus, maximum marks = 500

Quicker method:

Maximum marks

=percentage-f-19415.png

= percentage-f-19425.png