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41. 

A checksum digit is used for detecting Errors in
A. Data transmission
B. Arithmetic operations
C. Logical operations
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
42. 

Which of the following is used to derive the address, of a record from the record key
A. comma
B. hashing
C. variable
D. field
E. None of the above
43. 

The records in a file on magnetic tape
A. can only be accessed serially
B. are meant for backup
C. cannot be transformed to a disk file
D. have to be arranged in a key sequence
E. None of the above
44. 

Data structuring is refined through a process called
A. structuring process
B. hierarchical structure
C. normalization
D. Relation structure
E. None of the above
45. 

Backup and recovery procedures are primarily implemented to
A. handle the contingency when a file gets corrupted
B. to provide data redundancy
C. to show different versions of data and programs
D. All of the above
E. None of the above